{"id":23539,"date":"2023-01-30T14:14:39","date_gmt":"2023-01-30T13:14:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/podpora\/?post_type=ht_kb&p=23539"},"modified":"2023-01-30T14:14:41","modified_gmt":"2023-01-30T13:14:41","slug":"zakladne-linuxove-nastroje-vylepsene-v-jazyku-rust","status":"publish","type":"ht_kb","link":"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/podpora\/kb\/zakladne-linuxove-nastroje-vylepsene-v-jazyku-rust\/","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 linuxov\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje vylep\u0161en\u00e9 v jazyku Rust"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Kto by nepoznal notoricky zn\u00e1me linuxov\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje ako cat<\/code>, cd<\/code>, find<\/code>, grep<\/code>, ls<\/code> alebo ps<\/code>? Bez nich by Linux nebol Linuxom, preto maj\u00fa svoje st\u00e1le miesto takmer v ka\u017edej distrib\u00facii. Ke\u010f\u017ee tieto n\u00e1stroje vznikli pred nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi dek\u00e1dami, je pochopite\u013en\u00e9, \u017ee boli nap\u00edsan\u00e9 v jazyku C. \u010casom sa ale niektor\u00e9 mlad\u0161ie programovacie jazyky vyvinuli nato\u013eko, \u017ee bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 v nich nap\u00edsa\u0165 podobn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje. Ako pridan\u00fa hodnotu poskytuj\u00fa jednoduch\u0161ie a sofistikovanej\u0161ie pou\u017eitie a niekedy dokonca aj lep\u0161ie v\u00fdsledky v r\u00fdchlostn\u00fdch testoch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tip: V\u0161etky pr\u00edkazy si jednoducho otestujte s WebSupport VPS<\/a><\/strong>. Vysk\u00fa\u0161ajte pr\u00e9miov\u00fd virtu\u00e1lny server zdarma e\u0161te dnes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Predstav\u00edme si ob\u013e\u00faben\u00e9 alternat\u00edvy k vy\u0161\u0161ie spomenut\u00fdm zabehnut\u00fdm n\u00e1strojom nap\u00edsan\u00e9 v programovacom jazyku Rust. \u010casto ich n\u00e1jdeme priamo v ofici\u00e1lnych repozit\u00e1roch Ubuntu, \u010do zabezpe\u010duje jednoduch\u00fa a r\u00fdchlu in\u0161tal\u00e1ciu. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa s podporou \u010fal\u0161\u00edch popul\u00e1rnych n\u00e1strojov, ako je napr\u00edklad Git.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rust<\/strong> je jazyk podobn\u00fd C a C++ a pou\u017e\u00edva sa pri programovan\u00ed na \u00farovni opera\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu (low level). Za\u010dal ho vyv\u00edja\u0165 zamestnanec Mozilly Graydon Hoare v roku 2006 ako svoj ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00ed projekt. V roku 2015 vy\u0161la prv\u00e1 stabiln\u00e1 verzia, od roku 2020 sa v\u00fdvoj Rustu osamostatnil a spravuje ho komunita. Otec linuxov\u00e9ho jadra Linus Torvalds dokonca zva\u017euje, \u017ee by sa Rust mohol pou\u017ei\u0165 pri programovan\u00ed \u010dast\u00ed kernela. Aj tento fakt hovor\u00ed o \u00faspe\u0161nom etablovan\u00ed pomerne nov\u00e9ho jazyka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

zoxide<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Indick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj\u00e1r Ajeet D’Souza nahradil n\u00e1stroj cd<\/code> projektom zoxide<\/a>. Tento program sa stal nato\u013eko popul\u00e1rnym, \u017ee to dotiahol a\u017e do ofici\u00e1lneho repozit\u00e1ra Ubuntu, \u010do zabezpe\u010duje jednoduch\u00fa a r\u00fdchlu in\u0161tal\u00e1ciu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

sudo apt install zoxide<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Po in\u0161tal\u00e1cii e\u0161te prid\u00e1me na koniec konfigura\u010dn\u00e9ho s\u00faboru ~\/.bashrc<\/code> tento riadok:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
eval \"$(zoxide init bash)\"<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
…a na\u010d\u00edtame ho pomocou pr\u00edkazu source, aby sme zoxide mohli pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 okam\u017eite v pr\u00e1ve otvorenej konzole:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
source ~\/.bashrc<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Odteraz pr\u00edkaz z<\/code> urob\u00ed to ist\u00e9, \u010do aj cd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
z \/home<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Navy\u0161e zoxide vytv\u00e1ra \u0161tatistiku n\u00e1v\u0161tevnosti jednotliv\u00fdch ciest, pod\u013ea ktorej n\u00e1sledne dok\u00e1\u017ee ur\u010di\u0165 prioritu, ke\u010f sa budeme chcie\u0165 do niektorej nesk\u00f4r vr\u00e1ti\u0165:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
zoxide query -ls<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
exa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Benjamin Sago, v\u00fdvoj\u00e1r zo Spojen\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva, sa rozhodol nahradi\u0165 n\u00e1stroj ls<\/code> a vznikol n\u00e1stroj exa<\/a>. O jeho popularite sved\u010d\u00ed aj to, \u017ee sa dostal do ofici\u00e1lnych repozit\u00e1rov Ubuntu, a tak ho nain\u0161talujeme ve\u013emi \u013eahko a r\u00fdchlo:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sudo apt install exa<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Oproti ls exa pon\u00faka benefit vidite\u013en\u00fd na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead – farebne odli\u0161uje \u00fadaje tak, aby boli \u013eah\u0161ie a r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie \u010ditate\u013en\u00e9. Napr\u00edklad tento pr\u00edkaz vyp\u00ed\u0161e aj skryt\u00e9 s\u00fabory a prie\u010dinky aj s pomenovan\u00fdmi st\u013apcami:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
exa -lah<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
N\u00e1stroj exa m\u00e1 takmer rovnak\u00e9 prep\u00edna\u010de ako ls, av\u0161ak hne\u010f vo vy\u0161\u0161ie uvedenom pr\u00edkaze zist\u00edme, \u017ee prep\u00edna\u010d -h<\/code> nesl\u00fa\u017ei na zobrazenie \u201chuman-readable\u201d ve\u013ekosti s\u00faborov (t\u00fa m\u00e1 exa u\u017e od za\u010diatku prednastaven\u00fa), ale na zobrazenie n\u00e1zvov st\u013apcov (headers).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
bat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
V\u00fdvoj\u00e1r z Nemecka, David Peter, si zaumienil vytvori\u0165 alternat\u00edvu k notoricky zn\u00e1memu n\u00e1stroju cat<\/code> a nazval ho bat<\/a>. Aj v tomto pr\u00edpade ide o ob\u013e\u00faben\u00fd n\u00e1stroj, ktor\u00fd bol zaraden\u00fd do ofici\u00e1lneho repozit\u00e1ra Ubuntu, preto op\u00e4\u0165 ide o jednoduch\u00fa a r\u00fdchlu in\u0161tal\u00e1ciu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sudo apt install bat<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Ak po in\u0161tal\u00e1cii nebude pr\u00edkaz bat fungova\u0165, je potrebn\u00e9 vytvori\u0165 odkaz takto:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mkdir -p ~\/.local\/bin && ln -s \/usr\/bin\/batcat ~\/.local\/bin\/bat<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Nechajte si zobrazi\u0165 textov\u00fd s\u00fabor najlep\u0161ie s nejak\u00fdm k\u00f3dom, aby ste videli, \u017ee bat podporuje zv\u00fdraz\u0148ovanie syntaxe, zobrazuje \u010d\u00edsla riadkov, automaticky str\u00e1nkuje a dok\u00e1\u017ee zobrazi\u0165 aj netla\u010dite\u013en\u00e9 znaky (prep\u00edna\u010d -A<\/code>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n
bat -A subor.py<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
fd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Ost\u00e1vame v Nemecku pri v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rovi Davidovi Peterovi, preto\u017ee okrem n\u00e1stroja bat vytvoril tie\u017e n\u00e1hradu programu find<\/code>. Ide o fd<\/a>, ktor\u00fd taktie\u017e n\u00e1jdeme v ofici\u00e1lnom repozit\u00e1ri Ubuntu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sudo apt install fd-find<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Po in\u0161tal\u00e1cii e\u0161te vytvor\u00edme odkaz, aby bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 pr\u00edkaz fd a nie neprakticky dlh\u00fd fdfind:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ln -s $(which fdfind) ~\/.local\/bin\/fd<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Oproti find fd pon\u00faka zjednodu\u0161en\u00fd z\u00e1pis a r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie vyh\u013ead\u00e1vanie. Hne\u010f na za\u010diatku je dobr\u00e9 uvedomi\u0165 si, \u017ee fd ignoruje skryt\u00e9 s\u00fabory a prie\u010dinky (zmen\u00edme prep\u00edna\u010dom -H<\/code>) a rovnako ignoruje v\u0161etko\u00a0 zap\u00edsan\u00e9 v s\u00fabore .gitignore<\/code> (zmen\u00edme prep\u00edna\u010dom -I).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Napr\u00edklad takto vyh\u013ead\u00e1me s\u00fabory (-t f<\/code>) v prie\u010dinku \/etc<\/code>, ktor\u00e9 v n\u00e1zve obsahuj\u00fa passwd<\/code> a nech\u00e1me vyp\u00edsa\u0165 detailn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o ka\u017edom n\u00e1jdenom s\u00fabore (-l<\/code>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n
fd -l -t f passwd \/etc<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
ripgrep<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Andrew Gallant je program\u00e1tor zo Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov americk\u00fdch a svoju v\u00e1\u0161e\u0148 v programovan\u00ed pretavil do n\u00e1stroja ripgrep<\/a>. N\u00e1zov napoved\u00e1, \u017ee ide o n\u00e1hradu za grep<\/code>, a to konkr\u00e9tne o v\u00fdrazne r\u00fdchlej\u0161iu n\u00e1hradu (pod\u013ea testov autora). In\u0161tal\u00e1cia je rovnako jednoduch\u00e1 ako v predo\u0161l\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sudo apt install ripgrep<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Ripgrep pri vyh\u013ead\u00e1van\u00ed ignoruje skryt\u00e9 s\u00fabory a tie\u017e v\u0161etko definovan\u00e9 v s\u00faboroch .gitignore<\/code>, .ignore<\/code> a .rgignore<\/code>. Takto napr\u00edklad n\u00e1jdeme riadky konfigura\u010dn\u00fdch s\u00faborov (-tconfig<\/code>) v prie\u010dinku \/etc<\/code>, ktor\u00e9 obsahuj\u00fa slovo passwd<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sudo rg -tconfig passwd \/etc<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Za prep\u00edna\u010d -t<\/code> m\u00f4\u017eeme nap\u00edsa\u0165 jeden z typov s\u00faborov, ktor\u00fd je definovan\u00fd v zozname typov s\u00faborov:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
rg --type-list<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
procs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Z Japonska poch\u00e1dza autor vydarenej alternat\u00edvy k n\u00e1stroju ps<\/code>. Ide o n\u00e1stroj s n\u00e1zvom procs<\/a>. Tentokr\u00e1t budeme pri in\u0161tal\u00e1cii v Ubuntu potrebova\u0165 bal\u00ed\u010dkovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m Snap:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sudo snap install procs<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Porovnate\u013ene s vy\u0161\u0161ie spom\u00ednan\u00fdmi n\u00e1strojmi, aj procs v\u00fdstup form\u00e1tuje s pou\u017eit\u00edm farieb, automaticky str\u00e1nkuje pr\u00edli\u0161 dlh\u00fd v\u00fdstup a syntax je oproti n\u00e1stroju ps jednoduch\u0161ia. Takto napr\u00edklad zobraz\u00edme ka\u017ed\u00fa sekundu sa obnovuj\u00facu (--watch<\/code>) stromov\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru (--tree<\/code>) v\u0161etk\u00fdch procesov t\u00fdkaj\u00facich sa systemd<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sudo procs --watch --tree systemd<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
A takto vyh\u013ead\u00e1me proces, ktor\u00fd spotreb\u00fava najviac CPU (prv\u00fd riadok) alebo pam\u00e4te RAM (druh\u00fd riadok):<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sudo procs --sortd cpu<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
sudo procs --sortd mem<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Vytv\u00e1rame aliasy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Ak sa v\u00e1m niektor\u00fd z vy\u0161\u0161ie spom\u00ednan\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov zap\u00e1\u010dil, pridajte na\u0148 na koniec konfigura\u010dn\u00e9ho s\u00faboru ~\/.bashrc<\/code> odkaz (alias). Napr\u00edklad alias s n\u00e1zvom ll<\/code> (dve mal\u00e9 p\u00edsmen\u00e1 L) bude odkazova\u0165 na exa -lah --group-directories-first<\/code> takto:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
alias ll='exa -lah --group-directories-first'<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
N\u00e1sledne nanovo na\u010d\u00edtame nastavenia z konfigura\u010dn\u00e9ho s\u00faboru ~\/.bashrc pomocou pr\u00edkazu source takto:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
source ~\/.bashrc<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Odteraz po zadan\u00ed pr\u00edkazu ll<\/code> (dve mal\u00e9 p\u00edsmen\u00e1 L) sa spust\u00ed pr\u00edkaz exa -lah –group-directories-first, \u010d\u00edm v\u00fdrazne zr\u00fdchlime a zjednodu\u0161\u00edme vypisovanie obsahu prie\u010dinkov pomocou n\u00e1stroja exa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pozor ale s aliasmi a alternat\u00edvami na produk\u010dn\u00fdch serveroch, preto\u017ee in\u0161tal\u00e1cia nov\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov a odkazovanie na ne pomocou aliasov m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 nestabilitu, men\u0161iu odozvu alebo aj oslabenie bezpe\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Zhrnutie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Predstavili sme \u0161es\u0165 n\u00e1strojov (cat<\/code>, cd<\/code>, find<\/code>, grep<\/code>, ls<\/code> a ps<\/code>), ktor\u00e9 boli vyvinut\u00e9 ako alternat\u00edvy v programovacom jazyku Rust. Ide o n\u00e1stroje, ktor\u00e9 sa stali popul\u00e1rnymi v\u010faka jednoduch\u0161iemu z\u00e1pisu, \u013eah\u0161ie \u010ditate\u013en\u00e9mu v\u00fdstupu, a tie\u017e vy\u0161\u0161ej r\u00fdchlosti. Tieto n\u00e1stroje sa dokonca dostali aj do ofici\u00e1lnych repozit\u00e1rov Ubuntu, \u010do e\u0161te viac sved\u010d\u00ed o ich ob\u013e\u00fabenosti v linuxovej komunite.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kto by nepoznal notoricky zn\u00e1me linuxov\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje ako cat, cd, find, grep, ls alebo ps? Bez nich by Linux nebol Linuxom, preto maj\u00fa svoje st\u00e1le miesto takmer v ka\u017edej distrib\u00facii. Ke\u010f\u017ee tieto n\u00e1stroje vznikli pred nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi dek\u00e1dami, je pochopite\u013en\u00e9, \u017ee boli nap\u00edsan\u00e9 v jazyku C. \u010casom sa ale niektor\u00e9 mlad\u0161ie…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"ht-kb-category":[435],"ht-kb-tag":[336,330,339,493,381,92,198,189],"class_list":["post-23539","ht_kb","type-ht_kb","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","ht_kb_category-nastroje","ht_kb_tag-cli","ht_kb_tag-linux","ht_kb_tag-open-source","ht_kb_tag-rust","ht_kb_tag-server","ht_kb_tag-shell","ht_kb_tag-ubuntu","ht_kb_tag-vps"],"yoast_head":"\nZ\u00e1kladn\u00e9 linuxov\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje vylep\u0161en\u00e9 v jazyku Rust - Websupport centrum podpory<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/podpora\/kb\/zakladne-linuxove-nastroje-vylepsene-v-jazyku-rust\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 linuxov\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje vylep\u0161en\u00e9 v jazyku Rust - Websupport centrum podpory\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kto by nepoznal notoricky zn\u00e1me linuxov\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje ako cat, cd, find, grep, ls alebo ps? Bez nich by Linux nebol Linuxom, preto maj\u00fa svoje st\u00e1le miesto takmer v ka\u017edej distrib\u00facii. 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