{"id":7235,"date":"2015-12-09T15:49:25","date_gmt":"2015-12-09T14:49:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/?p=7235"},"modified":"2025-03-11T21:06:38","modified_gmt":"2025-03-11T20:06:38","slug":"inovovali-sme-databazove-servery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/2015\/12\/inovovali-sme-databazove-servery\/","title":{"rendered":"Inovovali sme datab\u00e1zov\u00e9 servery"},"content":{"rendered":"Doba \u010d\u00edtania:<\/b><\/span> 5<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>

Uplynul\u00e9 mesiace sa nepretr\u017eite venujeme zlep\u0161ovaniu kvality slu\u017eieb. Ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u013enik sa v\u00e1m sna\u017e\u00edme sprostredkova\u0165 prostredn\u00edctvom\u00a0blogu. Bolo tomu tak pri informovan\u00ed o\u00a0stave, nain\u0161talovan\u00ed cache, zmene webovej infra, z\u00e1lo\u017enom pripojen\u00ed a je tomu tak aj teraz pri inov\u00e1cii datab\u00e1zov\u00fdch serverov.<\/p>\n

Po rade optimaliz\u00e1ci\u00ed na strane webov\u00fdch serverov sme sa pustili do odstr\u00e1nenia \u010fal\u0161ieho \u201cbottlenecku\u201d v r\u00fdchlosti odozvy webstr\u00e1nok – vzali sme si na mu\u0161ku datab\u00e1zy<\/strong>. Takmer ka\u017ed\u00e1 webov\u00e1 str\u00e1nka vyu\u017e\u00edva minim\u00e1lne jednu datab\u00e1zu, pre redak\u010dn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my ako WordPress alebo Joomla s\u00fa neodmyslite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou. Av\u0161ak pr\u00e1ve datab\u00e1za mnohokr\u00e1t patr\u00ed ku naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edm spoma\u013eova\u010dom na\u010d\u00edtavania str\u00e1nky.<\/p>\n

Proces optimaliz\u00e1cie sa odohr\u00e1val na viacer\u00fdch \u00farovniach, od zv\u00fd\u0161enia verzie datab\u00e1zov\u00fdch serverov, n\u00e1kup \u010disto-SSD serverov a\u017e po zmenu virtualiza\u010dnej technol\u00f3gie, na ktorej datab\u00e1zov\u00e9 servery be\u017eia. Datab\u00e1zov\u00e9 servery sme ladili aj po konfigura\u010dnej str\u00e1nke, pri\u010dom sme brali do \u00favahy aj z\u00e1\u0165a\u017eov\u00fd vzor, ktor\u00fd je na ne kladen\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Upgrade hardv\u00e9ru<\/h2>\n

Upustili sme od idey ma\u0165 v\u0161etky d\u00e1ta ulo\u017een\u00e9 na centr\u00e1lnom redundantnom diskovom poli – \u010das uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e sp\u00f4soben\u00e1 niektor\u00fdmi \u010das\u0165ami infra\u0161trukt\u00fary m\u00e1 pr\u00edli\u0161 vysok\u00fd dosah na cel\u00fd zvy\u0161ok syst\u00e9mu. Ako sme spom\u00ednali v koment\u00e1roch k ned\u00e1vnemu \u010dl\u00e1nku<\/a>, webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky u\u017e nejak\u00fd \u010das pres\u00favame na \u010disto-SSD infra\u0161trukt\u00faru. Teraz sme podobn\u00fd hardv\u00e9r dopriali aj datab\u00e1zov\u00fdm serverom:<\/p>\n

\"image00\"<\/p>\n

Okrem nieko\u013ekon\u00e1sobne ni\u017e\u0161ej latencie pri z\u00e1pise na disk maj\u00fa v\u00fdhodu v tom, \u017ee neovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa svojou z\u00e1\u0165a\u017eou in\u00e9 \u010dasti infra\u0161trukt\u00fary – ako napr\u00edklad webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky alebo virtu\u00e1lne servery klientov. O to pr\u00edsnej\u0161\u00ed sme v\u0161ak museli by\u0165 pri z\u00e1lohovan\u00ed – datab\u00e1zy sa z\u00e1lohuj\u00fa jednak na aplika\u010dnej \u00farovni (MySQL dumpy pr\u00edstupn\u00e9 pre klientov), jednak na \u00farovni diskov\u00fdch blokov na geograficky oddelen\u00fd server (pre pr\u00edpad disaster-recovery).<\/p>\n

Zmena virtualiza\u010dnej technol\u00f3gie<\/h2>\n

Doposia\u013e sme datab\u00e1zov\u00e9 servery vytv\u00e1rali ako virtu\u00e1lne stroje na platforme KVM<\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 predstavuje tzv. \u201cpln\u00fa virtualiz\u00e1ciu\u201d. T\u00e1to technol\u00f3gia umo\u017e\u0148uje pomerne efekt\u00edvne vyu\u017eitie procesora fyzick\u00e9ho servera, ke\u010f\u017ee v\u0161ak ide o pln\u00fa virtualiz\u00e1ciu, disk musel by\u0165 vytvoren\u00fd ako jeden ve\u013ek\u00fd s\u00fabor ulo\u017een\u00fd na zdie\u013eanom diskovom poli (kv\u00f4li dostupnosti). A pr\u00e1ve tu doch\u00e1dzalo k vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm odozv\u00e1m pri komunik\u00e1cii s datab\u00e1zou. Zdie\u013ean\u00e9 diskov\u00e9 pole muselo po\u010das tejto pr\u00e1ce z\u00e1rove\u0148 obsluhova\u0165 desa\u0165tis\u00edce webov a mailov\u00fdch schr\u00e1nok a stovky virtu\u00e1lnych serverov. Aj pri pou\u017eit\u00ed lok\u00e1lneho disku m\u00e1 v\u0161ak KVM virtu\u00e1lny server ur\u010dit\u00fd postih v\u00fdkonu oproti fyzick\u00e9mu serveru.<\/p>\n

Naopak, kontajneriz\u00e1cia (alebo kontajnerov\u00e1 virtualiz\u00e1cia), pod ktor\u00fa patria napr\u00edklad Docker a LXC, dosahuje v\u00fdborn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky pri komunik\u00e1cii s lok\u00e1lnym diskom. V\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00fd v\u00fdkon CPU je takmer identick\u00fd s fyzick\u00fdm strojom, na ktorom kontajner be\u017e\u00ed – kombin\u00e1cia t\u00fdchto dvoch vlastnost\u00ed datab\u00e1zov\u00fdm serverom zna\u010dne prospela. Ako virtualiza\u010dn\u00fa platformu pre nov\u00e9 datab\u00e1zov\u00e9 servery sme teda zvolili LXC.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bonusom pri pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed kontajnerov namiesto jedn\u00e9ho ve\u013ek\u00e9ho fyzick\u00e9ho servera je lep\u0161ie vyu\u017eitie vstavan\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed MySQL. Ak je napr\u00edklad potrebn\u00e9 re\u0161tartova\u0165 mysql proces, pri \u0161tarte sa vykon\u00e1va kontrola integrity d\u00e1t, ktor\u00e1 je nad 1000 tabu\u013ekami omnoho r\u00fdchlej\u0161ia ako nad 10 000 :). Navy\u0161e, \u201cnezbedn\u00e9\u201d datab\u00e1zy, ktor\u00e9 z ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek d\u00f4vodu extr\u00e9mne vy\u0165a\u017euj\u00fa server, maj\u00fa dopad na men\u0161\u00ed po\u010det susedn\u00fdch datab\u00e1z.<\/p>\n

Poslednou malou v\u00fdhodou je aj vyu\u017e\u00edvanie \u201cquery cache\u201d. Ak z datab\u00e1zy iba \u010d\u00edtate d\u00e1ta bez z\u00e1pisov, po prvom pre\u010d\u00edtan\u00ed sa ulo\u017eia do cache a \u010fal\u0161\u00ed dopyt je omnoho r\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00ed. Av\u0161ak ak\u00fdko\u013evek z\u00e1pis d\u00e1t do ktorejko\u013evek datab\u00e1zy na rovnakom serveri vedie ku invalid\u00e1cii tejto cache. V priemere tvoria z\u00e1pisy do datab\u00e1z iba 10,75% dopytov, preto m\u00e1 zmysel optimalizova\u0165 a mera\u0165 najm\u00e4 oper\u00e1cie \u010d\u00edtania. Rozdelen\u00edm datab\u00e1z medzi viacero kontajnerov sa pre ka\u017ed\u00fd dopyt zvy\u0161uje pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee bude pre\u010d\u00edtan\u00fd z query cache.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Detailn\u00e9 porovnanie parametrov KVM virtualiz\u00e1cie a kontajnerov n\u00e1jdete v tomto (.pdf) dokumente od IBM <\/a>.<\/p>\n

Porovnanie p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch a nov\u00fdch DB serverov<\/h2>\n

Po nasaden\u00ed novej datab\u00e1zovej infra\u0161trukt\u00fary sme boli zvedav\u00ed, o ko\u013eko sa n\u00e1m podarilo zlep\u0161i\u0165 odozvu dopytov a po\u010det dopytov za sekundu. Meranie sme teda vykonali na \u0161tyroch datab\u00e1zov\u00fdch serveroch – \u0161lo o kombin\u00e1cie MySQL 5.1 a MariaDB 5.5 s virtualiza\u010dn\u00fdmi technol\u00f3giami KVM a LXC.<\/p>\n

Ne\u0161lo n\u00e1m o vy\u0165a\u017eenie datab\u00e1zov\u00e9ho CPU, preto sme nevykon\u00e1vali dopyty, ktor\u00e9 vedia v SQL vyrie\u0161i\u0165 Sudoku<\/a>, iba jednoduch\u00fd SHOW TABLES. Zamerali sme sa na po\u010det dopytov, ktor\u00e9 je webstr\u00e1nka schopn\u00e1 vykona\u0165 za 1 sekundu, \u010do priamo odr\u00e1\u017ea latenciu datab\u00e1zy vo\u010di webov\u00e9mu serveru – pr\u00e1ve to je pod\u013ea n\u00e1s t\u00e1 najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ia metrika<\/strong>. Medzi s\u00e9riami dopytov sme v\u017edy po\u010dkali nieko\u013eko sek\u00fand, aby sme dali \u0161ancu z\u00e1pisov\u00fdm oper\u00e1ci\u00e1m zmaza\u0165 query cache.<\/p>\n

\"image01\"<\/p>\n

Na grafe je zobrazen\u00e9 percento datab\u00e1zov\u00fdch dopytov v z\u00e1vislosti od r\u00fdchlosti, akou boli z\u00edskan\u00e9 od DB servera. Pre MySQL 5.1 pod KVM napr\u00edklad vid\u00edme, \u017ee priemern\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 je cca 1000 dopytov za sekundu. Ke\u010f\u017ee MariaDB 5.5 servery na KVM architekt\u00fare s\u00fa pod vy\u0161\u0161ou z\u00e1\u0165a\u017eou, ich odozva m\u00e1 \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum.<\/p>\n

Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed je v\u0161ak posun oboch kriviek zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00facich LXC virtualiz\u00e1ciu<\/strong>. Priemern\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 dopytov za sekundu je v hodnot\u00e1ch, ak\u00e9 dosahuj\u00fa KVM servery u\u017e iba zriedka – na testovacom dopyte je r\u00fdchlos\u0165 vy\u0161\u0161ia cca o 35%<\/strong>. Minim\u00e1lna a maxim\u00e1lna priepustnos\u0165 s\u00fa taktie\u017e vy\u0161\u0161ie – v z\u00f3nach, kde p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 servery s KVM dosahuj\u00fa priemer, sa nov\u00fd hardv\u00e9r s LXC iba preb\u00fadza.<\/p>\n

Na nov\u00e9 datab\u00e1zov\u00e9 servery je v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti presunut\u00e1 asi polovica datab\u00e1z, no do Vianoc pl\u00e1nujeme ma\u0165 presunut\u00e9 v\u0161etky. Ver\u00edme, \u017ee aj tento krok ku zr\u00fdchleniu webov bude ma\u0165 pozit\u00edvny dopad na kvalitu na\u0161ich slu\u017eieb v bud\u00facnosti.<\/p>\n

Sledujte n\u00e1s aj na\u010falej, s vylep\u0161eniami ur\u010dite nekon\u010d\u00edme. Pracujeme na \u010fal\u0161\u00edch inov\u00e1ciach\u00a0smeruj\u00facich k vy\u0161\u0161ej kvalite, ktor\u00fa si zasl\u00fa\u017eite.<\/p>\n

TIP:<\/strong> Pre\u010d\u00edtajte si\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nok<\/a> o tom, ako sme nasadili nov\u00fa verziu Open vSwitch, zrelizovali z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00e9 pripojenie do Cogentu, pre\u0161li z CFEngine na SaltStack a presunuli sme hostingy na dedik\u00e1\u010de.<\/p>\n

[mc4wp_form]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Uplynul\u00e9 mesiace sa nepretr\u017eite venujeme zlep\u0161ovaniu kvality slu\u017eieb. Ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u013enik sa v\u00e1m sna\u017e\u00edme sprostredkova\u0165 prostredn\u00edctvom\u00a0blogu. Bolo tomu tak pri informovan\u00ed o\u00a0stave, nain\u0161talovan\u00ed cache, zmene webovej infra, z\u00e1lo\u017enom pripojen\u00ed a je tomu tak aj teraz pri inov\u00e1cii datab\u00e1zov\u00fdch serverov. Po rade optimaliz\u00e1ci\u00ed na strane webov\u00fdch serverov sme sa pustili do odstr\u00e1nenia \u010fal\u0161ieho \u201cbottlenecku\u201d v r\u00fdchlosti […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":106,"featured_media":7238,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,9,11],"tags":[187,188,370,450,471,794,956],"class_list":["post-7235","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technologie","category-tlacove-spravy","category-zakulisie","tag-databazy","tag-db","tag-inovacie","tag-kvm","tag-lxc","tag-ssd","tag-websupport"],"yoast_head":"\nInovovali sme datab\u00e1zov\u00e9 servery - Websupport blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/2015\/12\/inovovali-sme-databazove-servery\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Inovovali sme datab\u00e1zov\u00e9 servery - Websupport blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Uplynul\u00e9 mesiace sa nepretr\u017eite venujeme zlep\u0161ovaniu kvality slu\u017eieb. 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