{"id":1843,"date":"2011-09-20T14:31:04","date_gmt":"2011-09-20T12:31:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.websupport.sk\/?p=1843"},"modified":"2025-03-11T21:06:10","modified_gmt":"2025-03-11T20:06:10","slug":"historia-a-sucasnost-architektury-sluzby-vps-storage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/2011\/09\/historia-a-sucasnost-architektury-sluzby-vps-storage\/","title":{"rendered":"Hist\u00f3ria a s\u00fa\u010dasnos\u0165 architekt\u00fary slu\u017eby VPS &#8211; storage"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\"><b>Doba \u010d\u00edtania:<\/b><\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 12<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">min.<\/span><\/span><p>Pren\u00e1jom virtu\u00e1lnych serverov (VPS) sme za\u010dali pon\u00faka\u0165 pred nie\u010do vy\u0161e troma rokmi, ke\u010f\u017ee sa v tom \u010dase za\u010d\u00ednala cel\u00e1 oblas\u0165 virtualiz\u00e1cie objavova\u0165 aj u n\u00e1s na Slovensku. Za\u010d\u00ednali sme asi ako v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina podobn\u00fdch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed\u00a0 \u2013 na\u0161iel sa vo\u013en\u00fd server, nain\u0161talovala sa prv\u00e1 vygooglena virtualiza\u010dn\u00e1 technol\u00f3gia a slu\u017eba bola na svete . Vybrali sme si Xen, toho \u010dasu vo verzii 3.0 aj preto, lebo sa nach\u00e1dzal u\u017e priamo v repozit\u00e1roch Debianu.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Za tri roky sa slu\u017eba rozr\u00e1stla na takmer tri stovky virtu\u00e1lnych serverov na dvan\u00e1stich fyzick\u00fdch serveroch. V okt\u00f3bri minul\u00e9ho roka sme si v\u0161ak uvedomili, \u017ee technick\u00e9 rie\u0161enie, ako sme ho nastavili v za\u010diatkoch, nem\u00f4\u017ee pokra\u010dova\u0165, preto\u017ee m\u00e1 mnoh\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. Virtu\u00e1lne servery sme mali ulo\u017een\u00e9 klasicky \u2013 na serveri v LVM oddieloch. Je to najjednoduch\u0161ia a najr\u00fdchlej\u0161ia forma prev\u00e1dzky virtu\u00e1lnych serverov, no n\u00e1ro\u010dnej\u0161ia na administr\u00e1ciu. D\u00f4vodov je viacero:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u0161k\u00e1lovate\u013enos\u0165<\/em>\u00a0&#8211; ak server narazil na svoje fyzick\u00e9 mo\u017enost\u00ed (po\u010det CPU, pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdch slotov, diskov&#8230;) bolo nutn\u00e9 servery presun\u00fa\u0165. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee bolo treba kontaktova\u0165 z\u00e1kazn\u00edka, dohodn\u00fa\u0165 v\u00fdpadok \u2013 oby\u010dajne neskoro v\u00a0 noci \u2013 a n\u00e1sledn\u00fa migr\u00e1ciu na in\u00fd server.<\/li>\n<li><em>odolnos\u0165 vo\u010di v\u00fdpadkom<\/em>\u00a0&#8211; takmer \u017eiadna. Ak m\u00e1 server, na ktorom be\u017eia virtu\u00e1lne servery v\u00e1\u017ene hardv\u00e9rov\u00e9 alebo softv\u00e9rov\u00e9 probl\u00e9my, treba \u010dasto vypn\u00fa\u0165 v\u0161etky slu\u017eby, aby ich bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 vyrie\u0161i\u0165. V\u0161etky hostovan\u00e9 VPS s\u00fa vtedy mimo, pok\u00fdm nie je probl\u00e9m vyrie\u0161en\u00fd.<\/li>\n<li><em>otravovanie z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov kv\u00f4li syst\u00e9movej \u00fadr\u017ebe<\/em>\u00a0&#8211; ka\u017ed\u00fd server je ob\u010das nutn\u00e9 re\u0161tartova\u0165 alebo upgradova\u0165. To samozrejme vy\u017eaduje posla\u0165 z\u00e1kazn\u00edkom e-mail a upozorni\u0165 ich na pl\u00e1novan\u00fd v\u00fdpadok.<\/li>\n<li><em>v\u00fdkon<\/em>\u00a0&#8211; pokia\u013e boli na serveri probl\u00e9my s v\u00fdkonom (napr\u00edklad diskov\u00e9 IO), nebolo v\u017edy mo\u017en\u00e9 probl\u00e9m vyrie\u0161i\u0165 okam\u017eite, preto\u017ee presun virtu\u00e1lnych serverov by len zhor\u0161il situ\u00e1ciu. Probl\u00e9m sa teda rie\u0161il ur\u010den\u00edm priority na IO scheduleri, pr\u00edpadne v\u00fdmenou IO scheduleru at\u010f.<\/li>\n<li><em>nerovnomern\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie zdrojov servera<\/em>\u00a0&#8211; niektor\u00e9 servery mali e\u0161te dos\u0165 RAM, ale \u017eiadnu diskov\u00fa kapacitu \u2013 alebo naopak\u00a0 \u2013 nemali RAM, ale dostatok diskov\u00e9ho priestoru. Ob\u010das sa to sa rie\u0161ilo ATA-over-Ethernet protokolom. Pomocou neho bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 disky exportova\u0165 a spusti\u0165 na inom serveri. \u010casom sa to ale uk\u00e1zalo ako nevhodn\u00e9 rie\u0161enie, preto\u017ee\u00a0 vznikali re\u0165azce z\u00e1vislost\u00ed. Ak vypadol jeden server, boli nedostupn\u00e9 aj tie virtu\u00e1lne servery, ktor\u00e9 be\u017eali inde, ale disk mali spr\u00edstupnen\u00e9 cez sie\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<p>Ako vidno, rie\u0161enie ka\u017ed\u00e9ho typu probl\u00e9mu si vy\u017eadovalo minim\u00e1lne kontaktovanie klienta a dohodnutie \u010dasu migr\u00e1cie na in\u00fd server. To je z dlhodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska ne\u00fanosn\u00e9. Nastal teda \u010das na nie\u010do nov\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Koncept<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vr\u00e1tili sme sa \u00faplne na za\u010diatok a zamysleli sme sa, \u010do je v podstate virtu\u00e1lny server:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00falo\u017eisko d\u00e1t + Xen = virtu\u00e1lny server<\/p>\n<p>Virtu\u00e1lny server je teda tvoren\u00fd \u00falo\u017eiskom d\u00e1t (storage) a virtualiza\u010dnou technol\u00f3giou (v na\u0161om pr\u00edpade Xen). Aby sme vyrie\u0161ili spom\u00ednan\u00e9 probl\u00e9my, bolo nutn\u00e9 tieto dva komponenty rozdeli\u0165 na samostatn\u00fa infra\u0161trukt\u00faru, aby mohli r\u00e1s\u0165 samostatne pod\u013ea vlastn\u00fdch potrieb. V\u00fdsledkom bude efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie vyu\u017eitie serverov a lep\u0161ie mo\u017enosti slu\u017eby.<\/p>\n<p>Na oddelenie sme pou\u017eili diskov\u00e9 pole. Virtu\u00e1lne servery sa k\u00a0nemu pripoja pomocou r\u00f4znych protokolov resp. technol\u00f3gi\u00ed ako iSCSI, AoE, NFS, FC apod. Samotn\u00e9 Xen servery sme vyrie\u0161ili pomerne jednoducho, ke\u010f\u017ee u\u017e dlh\u0161\u00ed \u010das sme chceli vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 blade-technol\u00f3giu a cel\u00fa slu\u017ebu VPS hardv\u00e9rovo zjednoti\u0165. Okrem virtualiz\u00e1cie vyu\u017e\u00edvame tieto blade-servery aj ako datab\u00e1zov\u00e9 servery a\u00a0web-servery.<\/p>\n<p><a style=\"margin-left: 10px;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blogoads\/sites\/2\/2011\/09\/172896_498809517141_168052502141_6729651_2376348_o.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1994 alignright\" title=\"172896_498809517141_168052502141_6729651_2376348_o\" src=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blogoads\/sites\/2\/2011\/09\/172896_498809517141_168052502141_6729651_2376348_o.jpg\" alt=\"blade server\" width=\"250\" height=\"172\" \/><\/a>Oddelenie m\u00e1 e\u0161te jeden priazniv\u00fd efekt. V pr\u00edpade, ak m\u00e1\u00a0 samotn\u00fd Xen server probl\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9 si vy\u017eaduj\u00fa re\u0161tart alebo d\u00f4jde k in\u00e9mu probl\u00e9mu, ktor\u00fd sp\u00f4sobuje nedostupnos\u0165 virtu\u00e1lnych serverov na \u0148om be\u017eiacich, je najr\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00edm rie\u0161en\u00edm ich spusti\u0165 inde a probl\u00e9mov\u00fd server vyrie\u0161i\u0165 a\u017e potom. Je to v\u010faka tomu, \u017ee VPS nie s\u00fa viazan\u00e9 na konkr\u00e9tny Xen server, preto\u017ee d\u00e1ta sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na storage serveroch.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m nast\u00e1va v momente, ke\u010f si uvedom\u00edme, \u017ee slu\u017eba je len tak\u00e1 dobr\u00e1, ak\u00fd dobr\u00fd \u00a0je storage, na ktorom m\u00e1 ulo\u017een\u00e9 d\u00e1ta. Diskov\u00e9 pole zv\u00e1dza k tomu umiestni\u0165 na neho v\u0161etko, \u010d\u00edm \u010dasto vznikne centralizovan\u00e1 architekt\u00fara. T\u00e1 vytv\u00e1ra SPOF (Single Point Of Failure), tak\u017ee jeho nedostupnos\u0165 sp\u00f4sobuje nedostupnos\u0165 v\u0161etk\u00fdch slu\u017eieb, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa na neho naviazan\u00e9. A aj ke\u010f diskov\u00e9 polia b\u00fdvaj\u00fa kvalitn\u00e9, s redundantn\u00fdmi zdrojmi, hot spare diskami at\u010f., nebolo to rie\u0161enie, ktor\u00fdm sme sa chceli ubera\u0165. Aspo\u0148 nie dovtedy, \u00a0k\u00fdm nen\u00e1jdeme rie\u0161enia niektor\u00fdch o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov. Bolo treba teda definova\u0165, \u010do budeme robi\u0165 v momente ak:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>diskov\u00e9 pole prestane st\u00edha\u0165 vybavova\u0165 po\u017eiadavky a VPS za\u010dn\u00fa \u010daka\u0165 na d\u00e1ta (IO wait)<\/li>\n<li>budeme n\u00faten\u00ed vykona\u0165 syst\u00e9mov\u00fa \u00fadr\u017ebu<\/li>\n<li>diskov\u00e9 pole sa zapln\u00ed a bude potrebn\u00e9 kop\u00edrova\u0165 d\u00e1ta inam<\/li>\n<li>diskov\u00e9 pole nebude fungova\u0165<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Lep\u0161ie ako jedno diskov\u00e9 pole s\u00fa dve diskov\u00e9 polia. E\u0161te lep\u0161ie je, ke\u010f sa diskov\u00e9 polia vz\u00e1jomne replikuj\u00fa a\u00a0\u00faplne najlep\u0161ie, ke\u010f sa ka\u017ed\u00e9 diskov\u00e9 pole nach\u00e1dza v inom datacentre. Pod\u013ea mo\u017enost\u00ed \u010do naj\u010falej od seba.<\/p>\n<p>Ur\u010dite si mnoh\u00ed spom\u00ednate na\u0161u minuloro\u010dn\u00fa migr\u00e1ciu z jedn\u00e9ho datacentra do datacentier dvoch. V\u00fdsledkom tohto \u00fasilia je okrem in\u00e9ho aj virtualiza\u010dn\u00e1 a storage platforma s mno\u017estvom skvel\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>vysok\u00e1 dostupnos\u0165<\/em> &#8211; d\u00e1ta s\u00fa mirrorovan\u00e9 na svoju proti\u013eahl\u00fa stranu. Kedyko\u013evek je mo\u017en\u00e9 prepn\u00fa\u0165 server, ktor\u00fd poskytuje virtu\u00e1lnym serverom d\u00e1ta. Vzdu\u0161n\u00e1 vzdialenos\u0165 medzi oboma datacentrami je cca 13 km.<\/li>\n<li><em>vertik\u00e1lna \u0161k\u00e1lovate\u013enos\u0165<\/em> \u2013 dok\u00e1\u017eeme vytvori\u0165 to\u013eko p\u00e1rov, ko\u013eko budeme potrebova\u0165, pri\u010dom ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00a0nich m\u00f4\u017ee exportova\u0165 d\u00e1ta na virtu\u00e1lny server. Virtu\u00e1lny server m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 pripojen\u00e9 disky z r\u00f4znych p\u00e1rov a nad t\u00fdm vytvorene diskov\u00e9 pole s RAID1,RAID5&#8230; .<\/li>\n<li><em>horizont\u00e1lna \u0161k\u00e1lovate\u013enos\u0165<\/em> &#8211; ke\u010f\u017ee samotn\u00e9 disky s\u00fa pomal\u00e9, zvy\u0161ujeme r\u00fdchlos\u0165 IO oper\u00e1ci\u00ed pomocou PCIe flash-kariet. Prebieha na nich cachovanie z\u00e1pisov aj \u010d\u00edtania.<\/li>\n<li><em>mana\u017eovate\u013enos\u0165<\/em> &#8211; je dosiahnut\u00e1 pou\u017eit\u00edm LVM na strane servera i\u00a0na strane Xen servera<\/li>\n<li><em>dostupnos\u0165 pod r\u00f4znymi protokolmi<\/em> (NFS, FTP, iSCSI apod.) &#8211; moment\u00e1lne je podporovan\u00e9 iba iSCSI, zvy\u0161n\u00e9 protokoly pripravujeme<\/li>\n<li><em>on-line migr\u00e1cia<\/em> &#8211; schopnos\u0165 presun\u00fa\u0165 obraz pam\u00e4te virtu\u00e1lneho servera na in\u00fd Xen server priamo za behu. Hod\u00ed sa v pr\u00edpade predpokladan\u00e9ho v\u00fdpadku servera.<\/li>\n<li><em>on-line zmena parametrov<\/em> \u2013 mo\u017enos\u0165 meni\u0165 ve\u013ekos\u0165, po\u010det CPU, pam\u00e4\u0165 a storage za behu<\/li>\n<li><em>on-line migr\u00e1ciu storage virtu\u00e1lneho servera<\/em> \u2013 mo\u017enos\u0165 vymeni\u0165 storage VPS za behu na in\u00fd p\u00e1r<\/li>\n<li>Xen 4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Storage platformu sme si pracovne nazvali WebSupport Storage Platform alebo aj WSP.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\">Technick\u00e9 rie\u0161enie WSP<\/h4>\n<p>V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 rie\u0161enie je postaven\u00e9 na serveroch v\u00a0p\u00e1re. Naz\u00fdvame to WSP p\u00e1r. Ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u00e1r je medzi sebou mirrorovan\u00fd pomocou technol\u00f3gie DRBD a o klastrov\u00fd mana\u017ement sa star\u00e1 Redhat Cluster Suite na CentOS 5.6 .\u00a0 Prierez softv\u00e9rov\u00fdch vrstiev jedn\u00e9ho uzla (server, ktor\u00fd je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou klastra) je tak\u00fdto:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2003\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2003\" style=\"width: 402px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blogoads\/sites\/2\/2011\/09\/storage_unit.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2003 \" title=\"storage_unit\" src=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blogoads\/sites\/2\/2011\/09\/storage_unit.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"402\" height=\"274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/app\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2011\/09\/storage_unit.png 574w, https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/app\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2011\/09\/storage_unit-300x205.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 402px) 100vw, 402px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2003\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Softv\u00e9rov\u00e9 vrstvy klastrov\u00e9ho uzla<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Server<\/h4>\n<p>Server pozost\u00e1va z\u00a0t\u00fdchto komponentov:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supermicro SYS-6026TT HDRF (v jednej serverovej \u0161asi sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa dva servery)<\/li>\n<li>12 \u00d7 2 TB disky (6 diskov \/ uzol)<\/li>\n<li>8 GB RAM<\/li>\n<li>Intel Xeon E5506 2.13 GHz<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Servery s\u00fa zapojen\u00e9 do dvoch nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch elektrick\u00fdch vetiev, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa chr\u00e1nene datacentrom vo forme UPS a motor gener\u00e1torom. Konektivita servera je chr\u00e1nen\u00e1 pripojen\u00edm ethernetov\u00fdch kariet do dvoch nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch switchov.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\">RAID10<\/h4>\n<p>RAID10 n\u00e1m zo \u0161iestich 2 TB diskov vytvor\u00ed 6 TB storage. Na\u0161e testovanie RAID10 vs. RAID5 uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee pre na\u0161e potreby sa lep\u0161ie hod\u00ed RAID10:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>r\u00fdchlos\u0165 z\u00e1pisu<\/strong> bola oproti \u00a0RAID5 <strong>trikr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161ia<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>negat\u00edvne \u00fa\u010dinky v\u00fdpadku disku sa t\u00fdkaj\u00fa iba jedn\u00e9ho p\u00e1ru.<\/strong> V pr\u00edpade RAID5 s\u00fa do rebuild procesu zapojen\u00e9 v\u0161etky disky, \u010do \u00a0v\u00fdraznej\u0161ie postihne v\u0161etky prev\u00e1dzkovan\u00e9 slu\u017eby.<\/li>\n<li><strong>RAID10 je len o kop\u00edrovan\u00ed d\u00e1t<\/strong>, k\u00fdm RAID5 je nutn\u00e9 r\u00e1ta\u0165 paritu, pri\u010dom ak nie s\u00fa d\u00e1ta na disku spr\u00e1vne zarovnan\u00e9, vznik\u00e1 read-modify-write spr\u00e1vanie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pre zv\u00fd\u0161enie spo\u013eahlivosti pou\u017e\u00edvame v mirrorovan\u00fdch p\u00e1roch disky od r\u00f4znych v\u00fdrobcov. Takto eliminujeme aj mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 chyby.<\/p>\n<h4>Flashcache<\/h4>\n<p>Aj ke\u010f samotn\u00e9 diskov\u00e9 pole ma priepustnos\u0165 presahuj\u00facu r\u00fdchlos\u0165 1 Gbit siete, vedeli sme, \u017ee rie\u0161enie naraz\u00ed na svoje hranice, pokia\u013e do neho nezakomponujeme flash disky, preto\u017ee\u00a0 sk\u00f4r ako naraz\u00edme na strop priepustnosti, naraz\u00edme na strop latencie resp. mno\u017estva vykonan\u00fdch IO oper\u00e1ci\u00ed. Pod\u013ea na\u0161ich meran\u00ed, zvl\u00e1da pole cca 500 random IO \/ s \u010do sa neda porovna\u0165 s 100 000 ranodm IO \/ s , ktor\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017ee da\u0165 be\u017en\u00e1 flash karta.<\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f\u017ee n\u00e1m u\u017e nezostali vo\u013en\u00e9 poz\u00edcie pre SATA SSD disky,\u00a0 pou\u017eili sme flash kartu montovan\u00fa do PCIe.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/facebook\/flashcache\/\" target=\"_blank\">Flashcache<\/a> sme nakonfigurovali tak, aby cachoval IO oper\u00e1cie na t\u00fato kartu. Zv\u00fd\u0161ila sa t\u00fdm celkov\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165, resp. r\u00fdchlos\u0165 odozvy IO syst\u00e9mu. Moment\u00e1lne je na cachovanie nasaden\u00e1 220 GB verzia. V priemere sledujeme 80% hit rate pri \u010d\u00edtan\u00ed (percento requestov vybaven\u00fdch z flash karty ) a 70% hit rate z\u00e1pisov, z\u00a0\u010doho 30 % tvoria dirty hit rate z\u00e1pisy(vznik\u00e1 pri updatovan\u00ed d\u00e1t, ke\u010f jeden z\u00e1pis zap\u00ed\u0161e d\u00e1ta na to iste miesto ako skor\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1pis, pri\u010dom sa tento skor\u0161\u00ed e\u0161te nach\u00e1dza na flash karte resp. v queue na z\u00e1pis na disk). Ako vidno na obr\u00e1zku, \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 tohto rie\u0161enia je tak\u00e1 vysok\u00e1, \u017ee disky s\u00fa \u010dasto nepou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2013\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2013\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a style=\"margn-left: 10px; folat: right;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blogoads\/sites\/2\/2011\/09\/dstat.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-2013 \" title=\"dstat\" src=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/dstat-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2013\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">St\u013apce ozna\u010den\u00e9 ako read zobrazuj\u00fa mno\u017estvo \u010d\u00edtan\u00ed z dan\u00e9ho disku.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4>DRBD<\/h4>\n<p>DRBD sa star\u00e1 o synchroniz\u00e1ciu d\u00e1t medzi dvoma uzlami. Klaster je v konfigur\u00e1cii Primary \u2013 Slave. Dlho sme sa pok\u00fa\u0161ali nasadi\u0165 rie\u0161enie Primary \u2013 Primary. Chceli sme dosiahnu\u0165 aby oba uzly \u00a0boli z\u00e1rove\u0148 akt\u00edvne, pr\u00edstupn\u00e9 pre z\u00e1pis aj \u010d\u00edtanie. Nakoniec sme tak\u00e9to rie\u0161enie zavrhli, preto\u017ee v na\u0161ich podmienkach by predstavovalo ist\u00e9 riziko, ktor\u00e9 by mohlo vy\u00fasti\u0165 v bin\u00e1rny gul\u00e1\u0161 na oboch stran\u00e1ch. Nastavenie Primary \u2013 Slave pova\u017eujeme za bezpe\u010dnej\u0161ie z poh\u013eadu integrity d\u00e1t. Prim\u00e1rny uzol sa \u00a0nach\u00e1dza v\u017edy bli\u017e\u0161ie k\u00a0serverom tak, aby bola latencia minim\u00e1lna a aby d\u00e1ta netiekli cez prepoj medzi datacentrami.<\/p>\n<h4>LVM<\/h4>\n<p>LVM sme zvolili pre jeho flexibilitu, ktorou zjednodu\u0161uje administr\u00e1ciu. Cen\u00edme si najm\u00e4 mo\u017enos\u0165 tagova\u0165 \u00a0jednotliv\u00e9 LVM oddiely, \u010do zjednodu\u0161uje skriptovanie. Rovnako sa n\u00e1m p\u00e1\u010di aj mo\u017enos\u0165 vytv\u00e1rania snapshotov pre z\u00e1lohovacie \u00fa\u010dely. V jednotliv\u00fdch LVM oddieloch vytv\u00e1rame e\u0161te \u010fal\u0161ie vnoren\u00e9 LVM, ktor\u00e9 aktivujeme na Xen serveri. Pre\u010do vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 LVM v LVM? Ako som spomenul u\u017e vy\u0161\u0161ie, vedeli sme, \u017ee m\u00f4\u017ee nasta\u0165 situ\u00e1cia, \u017ee pole resp. server prestane jednoducho st\u00edha\u0165, alebo sa zapln\u00ed jeho kapacita. Presne v\u00a0takom pr\u00edpade sa n\u00e1m hod\u00ed schopnos\u0165 LVM za behu presun\u00fa\u0165 d\u00e1ta z jedn\u00e9ho fyzick\u00e9ho disku <a href=\"http:\/\/tldp.org\/HOWTO\/LVM-HOWTO\/removeadisk.html\" target=\"_blank\">in\u00fd<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4>Ako to funguje<\/h4>\n<p>Na Xen server exportujeme LVM oddiel, v ktorom sa nach\u00e1dza \u010fal\u0161\u00ed LVM oddiel (nazvime ho LVMB). Na strane Xen servera u\u017e vid\u00edme iba LVMB s oddielmi\u00a0<em>root<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0<em>swap<\/em>\u00a0. Z\u00a0<em>root<\/em>\u00a0oddielu virtu\u00e1lny server bootuje, na\u00a0<em>swap<\/em>\u00a0oddiele swapuje. V momente, ke\u010f uzn\u00e1me, \u017ee je nutn\u00e9 presun\u00fa\u0165 storage virtu\u00e1lneho servera na in\u00fd WSP p\u00e1r, vytvor\u00edme na novom WSP p\u00e1re LVM oddiel s\u00a0rovnakou ve\u013ekos\u0165ou. Nov\u00fd storage pripoj\u00edme na strane Xen servera do LVMB . N\u00e1sledne pomocou utility pvmove prik\u00e1\u017eeme LVM, aby presunul d\u00e1tov\u00e9 bloky zo star\u00e9ho storage na storage na novom LVM p\u00e1re. LVM sa u\u017e n\u00e1sledne star\u00e1 o to, aby IO oper\u00e1cie smerovali na spr\u00e1vny storage.<\/p>\n<p>Oper\u00e1ciu sme otestovali v laborat\u00f3rnych podmienkach aj v ostrej prev\u00e1dzke. V\u00a0oboch pr\u00edpadoch prebehla bez probl\u00e9mov. Pochopite\u013ene, na strane VPS doch\u00e1dza k vy\u0161\u0161iemu IO wait, \u010do je ale v\u00a0takomto pr\u00edpade logick\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h4>dm-ioband<\/h4>\n<p>dm-ioband je vrstva ur\u010den\u00e1 na \u0161krtenie priepustnosti k jednotliv\u00fdm LVM oddielom. Moment\u00e1lne ju nevyu\u017e\u00edvame, preto\u017ee priepustnos\u0165 IO syst\u00e9mu je vy\u0161\u0161ia ne\u017e priepustnos\u0165 1Gbit siete.<\/p>\n<h4>iSCSI<\/h4>\n<p>iSCSI protokol sl\u00fa\u017ei pre samotn\u00e9 exportovanie diskov na jednotliv\u00e9 Xen servery, kde\u00a0 sa tvaria ako be\u017ene SCSI disky, s ktor\u00fdmi je mo\u017en\u00e9 pracova\u0165 ako s be\u017en\u00fdmi diskami.<\/p>\n<p>Ako iSCSI target server pou\u017e\u00edvame IETD, ktor\u00fd ale nevie online reportova\u0165 zmenu ve\u013ekosti LVM oddielu, tak\u017ee je nutn\u00e9 VPS vyp\u00edna\u0165 . \u00daspe\u0161ne sme v\u0161ak otestovali rie\u0161enie na b\u00e1ze <a href=\"http:\/\/scst.sourceforge.net\/\" target=\"_blank\">scst<\/a> , kde t\u00e1to funkcionalita mo\u017en\u00e1 je.<\/p>\n<h4>Storage cluster<\/h4>\n<p>Rie\u0161enie vysokej dostupnosti si vy\u017eaduje ma\u0165 tak\u00e9to storage servery dva. Ke\u010f\u017ee sme vyu\u017eili na\u0161u s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fa \u00a0serverov\u00fa architekt\u00faru, umiestnili sme servery toho ist\u00e9ho WSP p\u00e1ru do r\u00f4znych datacentier.\u00a0 Tak\u00e9to disaster recovery rie\u0161enie chr\u00e1ni\u00a0 d\u00e1ta pred katastrofick\u00fdmi udalos\u0165ami ako v\u00fdpadok cel\u00e9ho datacentra alebo jeho fyzick\u00e9 zni\u010denie.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blogoads\/sites\/2\/2011\/09\/storage_unit_23-e1316511067322.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-2077\" title=\"storage_unit_2\" src=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/storage_unit_23-300x75.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"75\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>O\u00a0klaster sa star\u00e1 softv\u00e9r pre mana\u017eovanie slu\u017eieb klastra. My sme pou\u017eili Redhat Cluster Suite . Tento softv\u00e9r sa star\u00e1, aby pri nepl\u00e1novanom v\u00fdpadku jedn\u00e9ho uzla, do\u0161lo k migr\u00e1cii slu\u017eieb na in\u00fd server. Migr\u00e1cia slu\u017eieb sa deje formou migr\u00e1cie IP adresy, zmenou DRBD na Primary (na uzle, ktor\u00fd bol doteraz Slave) a na\u0161tartovan\u00edm iSCSI servera na \u017eij\u00faci uzol. RHCS sa z\u00e1rove\u0148 star\u00e1, aby bol neakt\u00edvny uzol zabit\u00fd pomocou princ\u00edpu STONITH (Shoot The Other Node In The Head). V praxi to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ak prestane uzol na druhej strane reagova\u0165, je cez alternat\u00edvny komunika\u010dn\u00fd kan\u00e1l zabit\u00fd re\u0161tartovan\u00edm cez IPMI, alebo vypnut\u00edm elektriny cez IP z\u00e1suvku.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\">Prev\u00e1dzka<\/h4>\n<p>S\u00fa to u\u017e takmer tri mesiace, odkedy je prv\u00fd WSP p\u00e1r\u00a0<strong><em>WSP-a<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0nasaden\u00fd v\u00a0produkcii (mesiac predt\u00fdm sme ho podrobili testovaniu). Za tento \u010das sme mali relat\u00edvne bezprobl\u00e9mov\u00fa prev\u00e1dzku \u2013 a\u017e na jeden pr\u00edpad, kedy sme mali probl\u00e9my s\u00a0prepojen\u00edm datacentier.\u00a0 Probl\u00e9m sme vyrie\u0161ili \u00fapravou konfigur\u00e1cie (dlh\u0161ie timeouty) a\u00a0umiestnen\u00edm prim\u00e1rneho uzla do rovnak\u00e9ho datacentra ako virtu\u00e1lne servery, ktor\u00e9 na \u0148om maj\u00fa uskladnen\u00e9 svoje d\u00e1ta.<\/p>\n<p>V praxi sa uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 ma\u0165 akt\u00edvny uzol prepnut\u00fd na druhej strane mesta, ako sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa samotn\u00e9 virtu\u00e1lne servery. Zhruba dva t\u00fd\u017edne n\u00e1m teda tiekli d\u00e1ta cez takmer cez cel\u00fa Bratislavu bez ak\u00fdchko\u013evek probl\u00e9mov. Dokonca s lep\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdkonom, lebo sme v tom \u010dase mali nain\u0161talovan\u00fa flash kartu iba na tom jednom serveri.\u00a0 V\u0161etky na\u0161e virtu\u00e1lne servery mlad\u0161ie ako dva mesiace s\u00fa u\u017e defaultne vytvoren\u00e9 na tejto novej architekt\u00fare. Za tento \u010das sme u\u017e stihli \u00faspe\u0161ne upgradova\u0165 jednotliv\u00e9 uzly (bez toho, aby to ovplyvnilo va\u0161e slu\u017eby) a \u00faspe\u0161ne otestova\u0165 migr\u00e1ciu na in\u00fd storage (zatia\u013e iba v r\u00e1mci toho ist\u00e9ho p\u00e1ru). Zistili sme, \u017ee v pr\u00edpade v\u00fdpadku jedn\u00e9ho uzla resp. cielenej migr\u00e1cie slu\u017eby na druhu uzle (napr\u00edklad kv\u00f4li \u00fadr\u017ebe), doch\u00e1dza k cca. 4-20s nedostupnosti storage. To by nemalo ovplyvni\u0165 virtu\u00e1lne servery, pokia\u013e maj\u00fa d\u00e1ta, s ktor\u00fdmi pracuj\u00fa nacachovan\u00e9 v opera\u010dnej pam\u00e4ti.<\/p>\n<h4>Z\u00e1ver<\/h4>\n<p>Pri novej architekt\u00fare sme sa s\u00fastredili hlavne na ot\u00e1zku storage rie\u0161enia virtu\u00e1lnych serverov. Ak v\u00e1s zauj\u00edma, \u010di e\u0161te bud\u00fa nejak\u00e9 v\u00fdpadky, m\u00f4\u017eem poveda\u0165 len to\u013eko, \u017ee z poh\u013eadu hardv\u00e9rov\u00e9ho i \u00a0softv\u00e9rov\u00e9ho rie\u0161enia a mno\u017estva redundancie sme vykonali ove\u013ea viac, ako bolo potrebn\u00e9. Ver\u00edme, \u017ee to prinesie o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00fd efekt.<\/p>\n<p>V t\u00fdchto d\u0148och pracujeme na \u010fal\u0161om p\u00e1re <strong><em>WSP-b.<\/em><\/strong> Bude o nie\u010do viac up-to-date, preto\u017ee je postaven\u00e9 na CentOS 6 a miesto RHCS je pou\u017eit\u00fd Pacemaker. Tak\u00fdchto p\u00e1rov \u010dasom viac a budete ma\u0165 mo\u017enos\u0165 si vysklada\u0165 svoje vlastn\u00e9 rie\u0161enia.<\/p>\n<p>Virtu\u00e1lne servery, ktor\u00e9 existovali na p\u00f4vodnej architekt\u00fare postupne pres\u00favame na nov\u00fa. O\u00a0presnom term\u00edne a \u010dase ich presunu budeme na\u0161ich z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov v\u010das informova\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Autor: Tom\u00e1\u0161 \u010corej,\u00a0<em>senior sysadmin<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pren\u00e1jom virtu\u00e1lnych serverov (VPS) sme za\u010dali pon\u00faka\u0165 pred nie\u010do vy\u0161e troma rokmi, ke\u010f\u017ee sa v tom \u010dase za\u010d\u00ednala cel\u00e1 oblas\u0165 virtualiz\u00e1cie objavova\u0165 aj u n\u00e1s na Slovensku. Za\u010d\u00ednali sme asi ako v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina podobn\u00fdch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed\u00a0 \u2013 na\u0161iel sa vo\u013en\u00fd server, nain\u0161talovala sa prv\u00e1 vygooglena virtualiza\u010dn\u00e1 technol\u00f3gia a slu\u017eba bola na svete . Vybrali sme si Xen, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":5573,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,7,11],"tags":[916,927,974],"class_list":["post-1843","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historia","category-technologie","category-zakulisie","tag-virtualizacia","tag-vps","tag-xen"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Hist\u00f3ria a s\u00fa\u010dasnos\u0165 architekt\u00fary slu\u017eby VPS - storage - Websupport blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/2011\/09\/historia-a-sucasnost-architektury-sluzby-vps-storage\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hist\u00f3ria a s\u00fa\u010dasnos\u0165 architekt\u00fary slu\u017eby VPS - storage - Websupport blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pren\u00e1jom virtu\u00e1lnych serverov (VPS) sme za\u010dali pon\u00faka\u0165 pred nie\u010do vy\u0161e troma rokmi, ke\u010f\u017ee sa v tom \u010dase za\u010d\u00ednala cel\u00e1 oblas\u0165 virtualiz\u00e1cie objavova\u0165 aj u n\u00e1s na Slovensku. 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